ZAKRIA PHARMACY

GIT Disorders  GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT INTRODUCTION: The gastrointestinal tract consist of a hollow muscular tube starting from the oral cavity,where food enters the mouth,continuing through the pharynx,oesophagus,stomach and intestines to the rectum,where food is expelled. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM ARE: 1-Oral cavity. 2-oesophagus 3-Stomach 4-Small intestine including(duodenum,jejunum,illium) 5-Large intestine including(caecum,colon,rectum) DISORDERS -ESOPHAGUS: *Oesophagitis-(oesophagia candidiasis) *gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD -STOMACH: *Gastritis *Peptic ulcer. *Dyspepsia,Emesis,Gastric dumping syndrome. INTESTINAL DISEASE: Large intestine and small intestine *Enterocolitis,Bowel obstruction. *Constipation,Diarrhea. PANCREAS *Pancreatitis. GALL BLADDER AND BILE DUCTS: *Cholicystitis *Gallstones 1-CONGENITAL CONDITIONS Tracheoesophageal fistula:is a connection between the oesophagus...

Introduction to clinical pharmacognosy Pharmacy is known as a branch related to healthcare services .  According to the features of pharmacognosy and clinical pharmacy two distinctive and important subjects of pharmacy in this editorial it has been introduced as a new integrated and multidisciplinary feature between these two subjects named; “clinical pharmacognosy” Pharmacognosy, which literally means studying medications of natural sources, has been a part of medical arts and sciences since mankind first began to treat illnesses .  To get a proper perspective about this science, which deals with plant, animal, mineral and other natural medications, it is extremely helpful to investigate the historical aspects of this science and to recognize the pioneers of this field.  By an experience obtained from trial and error, early man had to acquire biological knowledge useful in determining the effects of available foods and beverages derived from plants. C...

ENZYMES OBTAINED FROM PLANT SOURCE (PHYTO-ENZYMES) } DEFINITIONS } Enzymes are organic catalysts produced by living organisms. } Enzymes are important group of bio-molecules synthesized by the living } cells. They are catalysts of biological systems, colloidal, thermo-labile and } protein in nature. } Catalysts } A catalyst is an agent, which in minute amount increases the velocity of } reaction without appearing in the final product of the reaction. } Substrates } Substances on which enzymes act to convert them into products are called substrates. } DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENZYMES & CATALYST } All the enzymes are organic } substances } • Enzymes mostly destroyed during } the reaction } • Enzymes are more specific in } Nature } • Enzymes are very complex in } Nature } • Speed of the enzyme reaction } does not depend on the } Concentration. } All the catalysts are inorganic } substances } • Catalysts are not destroyed in the } chemical reaction } • Cat...

 against pathogenic micro-organism.  Biologics can be classified into two general categories  1. Antigens  2. Antibodies ANTIGEN: An antigen is the material that provokes the immune response and it can be defined under three categories.  Biologically  Chemically  Physically a. Biologically definition of Antigens: An antigen is the substance that when introduced into the tissue of man or other vertebrates,causes the formation of antibodies. These antibodies then react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.   Properties of an antigen: Immunogenicity  Specificity  ANTIGENIC DETERMINATES(EPITOPES)   Small cemical sites on the antigen molecules called the antigenic determinates,the antibody combines with one or more these sites. b. Chemically definition of antigen:   Chemically antigens are Proteins, However some higher molecular weight polysacchar...